Ketone bodies, including acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone, are metabolic byproducts that play a crucial role in energy production during periods of carbohydrate restriction or prolonged fasting.

Phytohormones, also known as plant hormones or plant growth regulators, are chemical messengers that regulate the growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli in plants.

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds, primarily carbohydrates.

Optogenetics is a technique that uses light to control the activity of cells or neurons that have been genetically modified to respond to light.