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  • Molecular Tools for Microbial Taxonomy and Phylogenetic Studies

    Introduction: Some of the most powerful approaches to determine the taxonomy and phylogeny of the organisms is through the study of nucleic acids and proteins, since they are genes themselves or direct gene products that provide considerable information about the true relatedness. Phylogenetic inferences based on molecular tools characterization provide the strongest and most reliable…

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  • Novel Methods for the Laboratory Diagnosis of Helminthic Infections

    Introduction: Helminthes, including Nematodes, Trematodes, and Cestodes, are associated with substantial morbidity and economic losses worldwide. Almost one-sixth of the world’s population is infected with helminthes, with an estimated 15 billion individuals, particularly in low socio-economic regions, suffering from Soil-transmitted Helminthes (STHs). Novel techniques are now being developed and tested for the diagnosis of helminthic…

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  • Bacterial Pneumonia: Etiology, Risk Factors, and Diagnosis

    Introduction: Lower respiratory tract infections are the most common human infections, estimated to cause 2.74 million deaths annually. LRTIs are diverse and can present as tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is the one that is contracted outside hospital settings. Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) is the infection of the lungs whose evidence was…

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  • Zika Virus (ZIKV): Introduction, Transmission and Diagnosis

    Introduction to Zika Virus and Vector-Borne Diseases: Emergence and re-emergence of Vector Borne Diseases (VBD) have posed a huge threat to public health worldwide. Flaviviruses like Dengue Virus (DENV), Yellow Fever Virus (YFV), and Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) are already circulating globally. Since the vectors, transmission cycle, favorable climate, and epidemiology of Zika virus (ZIKV)…

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  • Autoimmunity: Introduction, Mechanisms, Examples, and Treatment

    Introduction: An inappropriate response of the immune system leading to activation of self-reactive humoral or cell-mediated responses against self-antigens are called autoimmunity. Autoimmune conditions that involve direct damage to cells occur when antibodies or immune cells attach to antigens on the surface of cells. This interaction can lead to cell destruction or provoke inflammation in…

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  • Cancer Metastasis : Stages, Molecular Mechanisms, EMT in Tumor Spread

    Introduction to Cancer Metastasis: Metastasis is the word for the growth of secondary cancers in an area of the body distant from the initial primary cancer. Cancer treatment is challenging because of metastases. If the treatment works in one region, there is a secondary spread in other regions. The two main causes of cancer death…

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