CELL BIOLOGY

Introduction to Extracellular Vesicles (EVs): Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer membrane bound structures in extracellular fluids, which are secreted by all types of cells (either in normal or pathogenic conditions).  They are naturally released from the cell that are delimited by a lipid bilayer and cannot replicate. EVs are complex signals which can target […]

Development of lymphocytes: All adult circulating blood cells, including immature lymphocytes, are produced in the bone marrow. Bone marrow is also the site of maturation of B cells. Cells of the immune system are produced by a group of undifferentiated cells, called hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) in bone marrow. A hematopoietic stem cell may be

Difference between Class I and Class II MHC molecule: Properties Class I MHC molecule Class II MHC molecule Polypeptide chain It has α chain and β2 microglobulin. It consists of α chain and β chains. Binding site of peptides Cleft of of α1 and α2 chains. Cleft of α1 and β1 chain Coded by Class

Stages in the Formation of B Lymphocytes: From bone marrow progenitors, mature antigen-responsive B lymphocytes proliferate and settle in peripheral lymphoid tissues, where they engage in interactions with foreign antigens.The binding of antigen to membrane Ig molecules, which together with the related Igα and Igβ chains form the antigen receptor complex (BCR) of mature B

Introduction: An inappropriate response of the immune system leading to activation of self-reactive humoral or cell-mediated responses against self-antigens are called autoimmunity. Autoimmune conditions that involve direct damage to cells occur when antibodies or immune cells attach to antigens on the surface of cells. This interaction can lead to cell destruction or provoke inflammation in

Introduction to Cell Cycle Regulation: Cell division is a very crucial phenomenon for normal growth, development and maintenance. But in a body of eukaryotes organisms such as humans, the rate of timing of cell division varies on the type of cells. For e.g., skin cells divide frequently throughout life time. However, specialized cells such as

Introduction: Cytoskeleton (CSK) is a complex, three-dimensional, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments found in the cytoplasm of all cells which can be defined simply as “structural frame/ support of cells” (Cyto = Cell + Skeleton = structural support/ frame). It is a complex network of protein filaments or fibres along with motor proteins that

Introduction: In 1946, the relationship between genes and enzymes was first precisely emphasized by George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum which proposed one-gene-one enzyme hypothesis with respect to arginine synthesis. Arginine is a standard amino acid which is biosynthesized through series of biochemical pathway. Three different genes (Gene A, Gene B, and Gene C)

Introduction: The microorganisms are present in every nitch on the earth, except volcano and vacuum. These microorganisms have high adaptability. The majority of the microorganisms survive and grow in normal conditions like room temperature, around neutral pH, etc. But some microorganism survives and grow in extreme conditions like very high or very low temperature, salt

Introduction: Cell are to survive in varying conditions; therefore, they should be able to get stimuli and respond to differences caused in the environment. Such responses are based on the integration of several components or systems mediated by its membranes, receptors, chemicals, effectors, pH differences, etc. They perform appropriate activities that enhance the chances of