MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: Helminthes, including Nematodes, Trematodes, and Cestodes, are associated with substantial morbidity and economic losses worldwide. Almost one-sixth of the world’s population is infected with helminthes, with an estimated 15 billion individuals, particularly in low socio-economic regions, suffering from Soil-transmitted Helminthes (STHs). Novel techniques are now being developed and tested for the diagnosis of helminthic […]

Introduction to Cancer Metastasis: Metastasis is the word for the growth of secondary cancers in an area of the body distant from the initial primary cancer. Cancer treatment is challenging because of metastases. If the treatment works in one region, there is a secondary spread in other regions. The two main causes of cancer death

Introduction to Signal Transduction and Cancer: A cell of our body depends upon the signal transduction pathway to carry out different types of cell processes at the right moment in time to basically produce physiological responses to certain types of external stimuli.  Now, even though signal transduction is very important to the functionality of our

Introduction to Cell Transformation: The process of eukaryotic cells turning to cancerous cells from the normal cells is known as cell transformation. In cancer cell transformation there are few different modifications. In basic, there is a balance between cell growth and cell death. There are several pathways in the body that dictate the cell to

Introduction: Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are plasma membrane receptor glycoprotein in nature with enzymatic activity. They are a group of 90 enzymes capable of selectively phosphorylating amino acid tyrosine residue in various substrates which leads to conformational alteration of that protein and typically activates that protein.  They are important mediators of the signaling that mediate cell

Mechanism of induction of cancer: It is a gradual multistep process involving many generations of cells. The cancer cells are genetically and phenotypically transformed cells having phenotypic features of malignancy like excessive growth, invasiveness, and distant metastasis. Normal cell growth is genetically controlled by four different types of regulatory control genes. The abnormality in these

Tumor suppressor Genes: Introduction Tumor suppressor genes code for protein which function to control cell division and ensure that it only occurs when necessary. It is also recognized as a guardian of gene. Tumor suppressor genes code for proteins involved in preventing cell cycle progression known as gate keepers and proteins involved in repairing DNA

Introduction: A team of professionals, including an oncologist, surgeon, and pathologist, work together to make the best diagnosis and treatment decisions for cancer patients. Surgery is the removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue during an operation. Surgery is the oldest and traditional type of cancer therapy, diagnosis, and remains an effective treatment for many

Introduction: A restriction enzyme is a nuclease enzyme that breaks down DNA sequences at random or specified recognition regions known as restriction sites. In bacteria, restriction enzymes interact with modification enzymes to form a combination system (restriction + modification system) that methylates the bacterial DNA. Methylation of bacterial DNA at the recognition sequence often protects