Digital PCR: Definition, Principle, Instrumentation, Steps, Applications

Introduction: History: The concept of digital PCR (dPCR) was first described in a 1996 paper by Scherer and colleagues, who proposed using microfluidic devices to partition a sample into thousands of small compartments and perform PCR on each compartment. The first commercial dPCR instrument, the Bio-Rad iCycler iQ, was introduced in 2003. Since then, dPCR

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Autophagy- Definition, Types, Mechanism, Regulations, Diseases

Introduction: Mechanism: Initiation: Autophagy is initiated by the activation of autophagy-related genes, which leads to the formation of a double-membraned vesicle called the autophagosome. Nucleation: The autophagosome is formed through a process called nucleation, which involves the assembly of a protein complex called the phagophore assembly site (PAS). The PAS consists of several proteins, including

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