Background: Introduction: Bacterial growth is a complex process that involves both catabolic (breakdown of cell constituents and metabolites) and anabolic (biosynthesis of cell constituents and metabolites) process. Basically, bacterial growth curve is sigmoid shows various recognizable stages of the growth of bacteria- lag phase, log phase or exponential growth phase, stationary phase, and the death […]

Introduction: Types: Exotoxin Fig: Different types of bacterial toxins Endotoxin Endotoxins are the outer parts of the bacterial cell wall especially Gram-ve bacteria such as E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella, Neisseria, Haemophilus Pseudomonas, and other pathogens. Basically, it is released upon cell death, autolysis, phagocytic digestion, and cell lysis which trigger a widespread inflammatory response. Although

Introduction: Biopesticides are certain types of natural, biologically occurring pesticides that are used to control various agricultural pests and pathogens. It is derived from such natural materials as animals, plants, certain minerals, and microorganisms such as bacteria, cyanobacteria, and microalgae. It is a biological agent, class of pesticides that tend to pose fewer risks than