Digital PCR: Definition, Principle, Instrumentation, Steps, Applications

Introduction: History: The concept of digital PCR (dPCR) was first described in a 1996 paper by Scherer and colleagues, who proposed using microfluidic devices to partition a sample into thousands of small compartments and perform PCR on each compartment. The first commercial dPCR instrument, the Bio-Rad iCycler iQ, was introduced in 2003. Since then, dPCR

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Autophagy- Definition, Types, Mechanism, Regulations, Diseases

Introduction: Mechanism: Initiation: Autophagy is initiated by the activation of autophagy-related genes, which leads to the formation of a double-membraned vesicle called the autophagosome. Nucleation: The autophagosome is formed through a process called nucleation, which involves the assembly of a protein complex called the phagophore assembly site (PAS). The PAS consists of several proteins, including

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Necrosis- Definition, Types, Causes, Mechanism, Symptoms, Treatment

Introduction: Necrosis is defined as irreversible cell damage and eventual cell death caused by pathogenic processes. It is an uncontrolled cell death that causes enlargement of the cell organelles, plasma membrane rupture and ultimately cell lysis, and leakage of intracellular contents into surrounding tissue, resulting in tissue injury. It is the death of cells or

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