Aim: To separate green leaf pigments (Spinach leaves) by Thin Layer chromatography (TLC) method. Introduction: It is a type of planar chromatography, in which the stationary phase is a thin layer of adsorbent particles attached to a solid plate. A small amount of sample/analyte is applied (spotted) near the bottom of the plate (an imaginary […]
Separation of Plant Pigments by Thin layer chromatography (TLC) Read More »
Introduction: It is an instrument used to measure absorbance at various wavelengths which is composed of two units: a spectrometer and a photometer. Moreover, this is used to measures the number of photons (the intensity of light) absorbed after it passes through sample solution. Basically, the spectrometer is to use to produce light of any
Spectrophotometer: Introduction, Principle, Instrumentation, Types, Applications Read More »
Introduction: The microorganisms are present in every nitch on the earth, except volcano and vacuum. These microorganisms have high adaptability. The majority of the microorganisms survive and grow in normal conditions like room temperature, around neutral pH, etc. But some microorganism survives and grow in extreme conditions like very high or very low temperature, salt
Extremophilic Microorganisms: Introduction, Types and Applications Read More »
Introduction: Microscopy is a technique of using the microscope. Microscopes are used to observe structures below the range of magnifies lens. A microscope is an optical instrument consisting of a lens or a combination of lens for obtaining magnified images. The main function of a microscope is to increase the magnification as well as to
Microscopy: Introduction, Instrumentation, Types, Applications, Limitations Read More »
Introduction: Cell and cytoplasmic contents may become so organized as to perform specialized functions that another cell don to perform. The change by means of which such specialization is achieved is know as differentiation. The event of differentiation is accomplished by changes which occur in embryonic tissues of plants and animals. Zygote is a unicellular
Introduction: The DNS (3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid) method is commonly used for the quantitative estimation of reducing sugars, including glucose. This method is based on the reaction of reducing sugars with DNS reagent, which results in the formation of a coloured compound that can be measured spectrophotometrically. Principle: The principle behind the DNS (3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid) method for
Quantitative estimation of reducing sugar (Glucose) by DNS method. Read More »
Introduction: Cell senescence can be defined as a process occurring in all members of population, after maturity, involving progressive decline in vital capacities of the organism termination in death. Senescence is also considered as death. The science that studies biological caused of growth. At the cellular level senescence can be studied on the basis of
Introduction: Crossing over is the refers to the interchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes involving breakage and reunion at precise point during meiotic prophase (pachytene), which results in new allelic combinations in the daughter cells. In 1912, the term crossing over was first used by Morgan and Cattell. Diploid cells have
Introduction: The tendency of genes to study together during inheritance and to retain their parental combination even in the offspring, because of the genes being located relatively close to each other, in the same chromosome is called linkage. The genes located on the same chromosome and inherited together are know as linked genes. Linked genes
Linkage: Introduction, Concept, Types, Significances Read More »
Introduction: Cell locomotion may involve movement of the entire cell or a portion of it, to the benefit of the organism. This is a biological phenomenon displayed o enable many roles such as feeding, digestion, reproduction, circulation and protection. A cell’s or unicellular organism’s locomotion is accomplished by the use of flagella, cilia, and, in
Cell Locomotion: Amoeboid locomotion, Flagellar and ciliary location Read More »
