MICROBIOLOGY

Introduction to Type III Secretion System (T3SS): The Type 3 Secretion System (T3SS), also known as injectisomes, is a complex structure made up of several subunits. It is present in a significant number of gram-negative bacteria and is composed of about 20 bacterial proteins with copy counts varying from 1 to more than 100. These […]

Introduction to Pseudomonas aeruginosa: The gram-negative, opportunistic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is now one of the leading causes of infections in hospitals and the population globally. Although it occurs naturally in soil, water, and damp habitats, it can pose a major threat to susceptible hosts. Individuals with compromised immune systems—such as those receiving chemotherapy, people living

Introduction to Phylum Annelida: The term ‘Annelida’ was first coined by Lamarck whereby ‘annulus’ means little rings. They have vermiform, worm-like body. General Characters: Habit and habitat Body symmetry Annelids have bilaterally symmetrical body. Segmentation Level of body organization They have organ-system level of body organization. Germ layers They are triploblastic, consisting of an outer

Introduction to Microbial Biocontrol Agents: Biocontrol, also known as biological control, is the natural process of removing and managing insects, pests, and other disease-causing agents by utilizing their natural, biological enemies. Living microorganisms known as microbial biocontrol agents (MBCAs) are employed to suppress plant diseases and pests, providing a more environmentally friendly method of managing

Introduction to Schistosomiasis: Etiology and Transmission: Schistosomiasis manifests in both acute and chronic forms, with transmission occurring through contact with contaminated water during everyday tasks like farming, household chores, work, or leisure activities. Children, in particular, face heightened risk due to poor sanitation practices and frequent exposure to water bodies while swimming or fishing. The

Introduction- Microorganisms and Vitamin Dependency: Meals bring essential elements or other nutrients that may not be self-synthesized but nonetheless required. They nourish our cells with stored chemical energy, used as building blocks or are cofactors for complex reactions all to ensure the cells can perform at an optimal level.  Environment deliver what an organism may

Introduction to Secretion Systems in Microorganisms: Microorganisms use a variety of secretion systems, including the type IV secretion system (T4SS), to move macromolecules like proteins and DNA over the cell membrane. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as certain archaea, have this incredibly adaptable class of secretion systems. It plays a crucial role in

Introduction- Energy Metabolism in Prokaryotes: Microorganisms can survive whether by adopting chemoorganotropgy, chemolithotrophy or by phototrophy but the final aim of all cells is to conserve some energy released during the energy yielding reactions. Gibbs Free Energy and Cellular Work: All the chemical reactions involved in a cell are coupled with the energy changes, energy

Differences between photosynthesis in Cyanobacteria and Purple sulphur bacteria: SN Features Photosynthesis in Purple sulphur bacteria Photosynthesis in Cyanobacteria 1 Type of light reaction Anoxygenic Oxygenic 2 Electron donor Anoxygenic Oxygenic 3 Photosynthetic pigments Bacteriochlorophyll a and b as photosynthetic pigments in Purplebacteria  Chlorophyll a and phycobilins as photosynthetic pigments in Cyanobacteria. 4 site Invaginated

Introduction to Photosynthesis: Plants and other living things employ a process called photosynthesis to change light energy into chemical energy that can subsequently be released in energy transformation. In order to create carbohydrates and other organic compounds from CO2 and H2O, photosynthetic organisms absorb solar energy and convert it into ATP and NADPH. Phases of