BIOLOGY

Introduction to the Nervous System: The nervous system is one of the most complex systems in animals, especially human. The central nervous system contains over 100 billion neurons, and it is estimated to be about 1010 -1011 in human. The most intricate system in the human body is the nervous system. It consists of: Fig: […]

Introduction to Phylum Chordata: General features of chordates: Subphylum Vertebrata: Vertebrata belongs to division Gnathostomata: (gnathos = jaw; stoma =mouth). Vertebrata includes two superclasses: Superclass Pisces (Fishes): Superclass Pisces have two classes Based on the ednoskeleton Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes) Subclass Sarcopterygii Bear muscular lobe in fins Order Dipnoi (Lung fish) Lung breathers Eg: Neoceratodus

Introduction to the Brain: The brain is an intricate organ that governs all bodily functions, including thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, respiration, temperature, hunger, and every bodily function. The central nervous system, or CNS, is made up of the brain and the spinal cord that branches off of it. The average adult’s brain

Introduction to Phylum Arthropoda: General features of Arthropods include: Symmetry They have bilaterally symmetrical body. Segmentation They have metamerically segmented body with external segmentation only called tagmata. The segmentation begins in embryonic stage and continues up to adult. One segment is dependent on another.  Level of body organization They have organ system level of body

Aim: To isolate mitochondria from the given sample Objective: The isolation of mitochondria is useful in order to study and explore fundamental processes including mitochondrial respiration, metabolic activity, protein import, membrane fusion, protein complex assembly, as well as interactions of mitochondria with the cytoskeleton, nuclear encoded mRNAs, and other organelles.  Principle: The nucleus has two

Background: Different scientists and philosophers have put forwards different explanation of origin of life on earth from time to time. Some of the most popular hypotheses about the origin of life include the following: Introduction:  Stages:  This theory possesses three stages: Chemogeny Biogeny Cognogeny Oxygen revolution: Early atmosphere transform from reducing to oxidising and the

Introduction: The complement system is a part of immune system to protect the body from foreign particles that can damage the body. Initially, complement was defined as “the activity of blood serum that completes the action of antibody induce a series of inflammatory responses that help to fight infection”. At present, the complement system consists of over

Introduction: Inflammation is a normal response of the living tissue to protect tissues from injury, infection, or diseases that bring cells and molecules of host defense to the sites in order to eliminate causative agents and restore tissue to normality. It is a part of innate immunity, a protective response of the living system. The

Introduction: Substrate: Components: Reception area A digester (or fermentation tank) Fig: Components of Biogas Plant A gas holder It is an air sealed tank preferably made in steel, provided with a gas outlet monitor that permits the biogas to come out of the system and produce energy and heat. It collects the gas generated during

Introduction: Darwin’s theory of origin of new species was supported by a number of scientists like Wallance, Haeckel, Weismann, Mendel etc. These supporters are known as the Neo-Darwinians, and the concept is called Neo-Darwinism. The modern synthetic theory explains the genetic basis of the adaptation of a population to new environmental conditions. It includes the