BIOLOGY

Carbohydrate digestion, absorption and transport: Protein digestion, absorption and transport: Lipid digestion, absorption and transport:

Introduction to the Digestive System: The digestive tract and auxiliary digestive organs make up the digestive system. Digestive tract is also called as gastro-intestinal tract or alimentary canal. It is tubular structure that includes following parts. Parts of the Alimentary Canal: Mouth: Pharynx and Oesophagus: Pharynx is a common passage for digestive and respiratory tract.

Introduction to the Spinal Cord: The spinal cord is the elongated caudal part of the CNS. It starts as the inferior continuation of the medulla oblongata at the level of foramen magnum, & ends as an inverted cone (the conus medullaris) at the lower end of L1 vertebra. The spinal cord conveys motor signals from

Introduction to the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): The portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord are referred to as the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The peripheral nerves, neuromuscular connections, spinal nerves and their roots and branches, and cranial nerves are all included. Technically, the anterior horn cells belong to the central

Introduction to the Excretory System: The human excretory system plays a vital function in preserving general health by facilitating the body’s waste disposal. This system consists of vital organs like the kidneys, bladder, and intestines, each of which makes a distinct contribution to the removal of waste. It closely cooperates with the digestive system, which

Introduction to the Nervous System: The nervous system is one of the most complex systems in animals, especially human. The central nervous system contains over 100 billion neurons, and it is estimated to be about 1010 -1011 in human. The most intricate system in the human body is the nervous system. It consists of: Fig:

Introduction to Phylum Chordata: General features of chordates: Subphylum Vertebrata: Vertebrata belongs to division Gnathostomata: (gnathos = jaw; stoma =mouth). Vertebrata includes two superclasses: Superclass Pisces (Fishes): Superclass Pisces have two classes Based on the ednoskeleton Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes) Subclass Sarcopterygii Bear muscular lobe in fins Order Dipnoi (Lung fish) Lung breathers Eg: Neoceratodus

Introduction to the Brain: The brain is an intricate organ that governs all bodily functions, including thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, respiration, temperature, hunger, and every bodily function. The central nervous system, or CNS, is made up of the brain and the spinal cord that branches off of it. The average adult’s brain

Introduction to Phylum Arthropoda: General features of Arthropods include: Symmetry They have bilaterally symmetrical body. Segmentation They have metamerically segmented body with external segmentation only called tagmata. The segmentation begins in embryonic stage and continues up to adult. One segment is dependent on another.  Level of body organization They have organ system level of body

Aim: To isolate mitochondria from the given sample Objective: The isolation of mitochondria is useful in order to study and explore fundamental processes including mitochondrial respiration, metabolic activity, protein import, membrane fusion, protein complex assembly, as well as interactions of mitochondria with the cytoskeleton, nuclear encoded mRNAs, and other organelles.  Principle: The nucleus has two