Introduction to Biosecurity and Biosafety: Biosecurity is the prevention of misuse, loss, theft and unauthorized access, and intentional release of harmful agents like pathogens, their toxins, and the equipment involved in doing so. The Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention was formed in 1975 to address the bad use of bioweapons. The biosecurity functions are at […]

Introduction and overview of bacterial invasion: Living inside host cells helps bacterial pathogens to exploit the intracellular niche and nutrient-rich environment. Many pathogenic bacteria employ phagocytosis to enter the host cell. After entering the cells, these bacteria block phagolysosome formation, preventing lysis of the self. This conceals the bacteria from host defense. To infiltrate the

Introduction to Hypersensitivity Reactions: When an individual has been immunologically primed, further contact with the antigen leads to a secondary immune response, boosting. However, if the antigen is present in relatively large amounts or if the humoral and cellular immune state is at a heightened level, the reaction may be excessive and may lead to

Introduction: Tapeworms (Taenia solium and Taenia saginata) belong to the class Cestoda of phylum Platyhelminthes. Tapeworms are flat, parasitic animals with complex life cycles that infect animals, including humans. They are exclusively endoparasites. Comparison and contrast of Taenia solium and Taenia saginata in terms of morphology: Differences between Taenia solium and Taenia saginata: Differences in

Introduction: Some of the most powerful approaches to determine the taxonomy and phylogeny of the organisms is through the study of nucleic acids and proteins, since they are genes themselves or direct gene products that provide considerable information about the true relatedness. Phylogenetic inferences based on molecular tools characterization provide the strongest and most reliable

Introduction: Lower respiratory tract infections are the most common human infections, estimated to cause 2.74 million deaths annually. LRTIs are diverse and can present as tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is the one that is contracted outside hospital settings. Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) is the infection of the lungs whose evidence was

Introduction to Zika Virus and Vector-Borne Diseases: Emergence and re-emergence of Vector Borne Diseases (VBD) have posed a huge threat to public health worldwide. Flaviviruses like Dengue Virus (DENV), Yellow Fever Virus (YFV), and Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) are already circulating globally. Since the vectors, transmission cycle, favorable climate, and epidemiology of Zika virus (ZIKV)