Introduction to Cryptosporidiosis: Cryptosporidia are coccidian parasites that have tropism for the microvillous region of the digestive epithelium and epithelium of respiratory organs of vertebrates. In immunocompetent individuals, Cryptosporidium parvum resolves on its own after causing a short-term diarrhea. However, in the immunocompromised patients, cryptosporidiosis can be life threatening. The host is infected by the

Introduction to Bacterial Growth: Cells divide when they have gathered everything they require for growth. The population doubles during the exponential phase of expansion, which is characterized by rapid increase under ideal circumstances. During the exponential phase, every cell undergoes rapid, regular division through binary fission, leading to geometric (exponential) population expansion. The cells divide

Introduction- COVID-19 and Global Health Impact: One of the most pressing global health issues that humanity has encountered since World War II is the COVID-19 pandemic. With the exception of Antarctica, the virus has spread to every continent since it first appeared in Asia in 2020. Medical professionals and researchers were investigating the underlying mechanism

Introduction: Cyclospora is an intracellular, single-celled sporozoan with a diameter of around 8.6 μm. When someone consumes food or water contaminated with the parasite, they become infected. It cannot transmit from one person to another as the oocysts in the faecal matter require a certain days and temperature for sporulation and becoming infective. The infected

Introduction to Total Quality Management (TQM) in a microbiology laboratory: There are all the activities that effort to establish and maintain continued improvement in lab to do what it is intended to do i.e. clinical relevance achievement by delivery of high quality services to customer aiding in patient management. Lab organization: Organization is one of

Introduction to Cell Substrates in Vaccine Production: Cell substrates have been a never-ending source of concern about the potential for transmitting infectious diseases and/or cancer. The initial key decision in selecting cell substrates for vaccine production was to minimize the risk of cancer transmission through live viral vaccines. This led to the restriction of acceptable

Introduction to Immunodeficiency: Life Cycle of HIV: HIV infection is usually transmitted vertically from an infected mother to the baby via the placenta or by breastfeeding. Horizontally, HIV can be transmitted through activities like non-screened blood transplantation, use of infected needle sticks, needle stick injury, and unsafe sexual contact.  So, the virus can be transmitted

Introduction: Ascaris lumbricoides belongs to class Phasmida of Phylum Aschelminthes or Nemathelminthes. It is commonly called a roundworm, attributed to its worm-like morphology. Because A. lumbricoides eggs can withstand a variety of environmental circumstances, a large number of eggs are generated per female worm, and inadequate sanitary conditions are common, particularly in developing and undeveloped