MICROBIOLOGY

Introduction to Hypersensitivity Reactions: When an individual has been immunologically primed, further contact with the antigen leads to a secondary immune response, boosting. However, if the antigen is present in relatively large amounts or if the humoral and cellular immune state is at a heightened level, the reaction may be excessive and may lead to […]

Introduction: Tapeworms (Taenia solium and Taenia saginata) belong to the class Cestoda of phylum Platyhelminthes. Tapeworms are flat, parasitic animals with complex life cycles that infect animals, including humans. They are exclusively endoparasites. Comparison and contrast of Taenia solium and Taenia saginata in terms of morphology: Differences between Taenia solium and Taenia saginata: Differences in

Introduction: Some of the most powerful approaches to determine the taxonomy and phylogeny of the organisms is through the study of nucleic acids and proteins, since they are genes themselves or direct gene products that provide considerable information about the true relatedness. Phylogenetic inferences based on molecular tools characterization provide the strongest and most reliable

Introduction: Lower respiratory tract infections are the most common human infections, estimated to cause 2.74 million deaths annually. LRTIs are diverse and can present as tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is the one that is contracted outside hospital settings. Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) is the infection of the lungs whose evidence was

Introduction to Zika Virus and Vector-Borne Diseases: Emergence and re-emergence of Vector Borne Diseases (VBD) have posed a huge threat to public health worldwide. Flaviviruses like Dengue Virus (DENV), Yellow Fever Virus (YFV), and Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) are already circulating globally. Since the vectors, transmission cycle, favorable climate, and epidemiology of Zika virus (ZIKV)

Introduction: Single-cell protein (SCP), often called microbial protein, is a type of crude or refined protein obtained from filamentous fungi, algae, yeasts, molds, microbes, or bacteria. It is edible and can used directly either as animal feed or human food supplements, that usually contain above 40% of crude protein on dry weight bases. Due to

Introduction: Parasitic disease, a public health issue, is a type of infectious disease that is caused by parasites which live on or in a host organism.  In annual, millions of morbidities and mortality is caused by these infections which is one of the most devastating and prevalent infections. It is a type of infectious disease

Introduction: Type of contaminants: Microorganisms in Bioremediation: Aerobic bacteria Many of these bacteria grow in the presence of oxygen that use the contaminant as the sole source of carbon and energy. It degrades pesticides and hydrocarbons, both alkanes and polyaromatic compounds. Examples: Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Sphingomonas, Rhodococcus, and Mycobacterium Methanotrophs/ Methylotrophs Bacteria that convert methane into

Background: Introduction: Bacterial growth is a complex process that involves both catabolic (breakdown of cell constituents and metabolites) and anabolic (biosynthesis of cell constituents and metabolites) process. Basically, bacterial growth curve is sigmoid shows various recognizable stages of the growth of bacteria- lag phase, log phase or exponential growth phase, stationary phase, and the death

Introduction: Types: Exotoxin Fig: Different types of bacterial toxins Endotoxin Endotoxins are the outer parts of the bacterial cell wall especially Gram-ve bacteria such as E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella, Neisseria, Haemophilus Pseudomonas, and other pathogens. Basically, it is released upon cell death, autolysis, phagocytic digestion, and cell lysis which trigger a widespread inflammatory response. Although