Introduction to Secretion Systems in Microorganisms: Microorganisms use a variety of secretion systems, including the type IV secretion system (T4SS), to move macromolecules like proteins and DNA over the cell membrane. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as certain archaea, have this incredibly adaptable class of secretion systems. It plays a crucial role in […]
Difference between Class I and Class II MHC molecule: Properties Class I MHC molecule Class II MHC molecule Polypeptide chain It has α chain and β2 microglobulin. It consists of α chain and β chains. Binding site of peptides Cleft of of α1 and α2 chains. Cleft of α1 and β1 chain Coded by Class
Introduction- Energy Metabolism in Prokaryotes: Microorganisms can survive whether by adopting chemoorganotropgy, chemolithotrophy or by phototrophy but the final aim of all cells is to conserve some energy released during the energy yielding reactions. Gibbs Free Energy and Cellular Work: All the chemical reactions involved in a cell are coupled with the energy changes, energy
Stages in the Formation of B Lymphocytes: From bone marrow progenitors, mature antigen-responsive B lymphocytes proliferate and settle in peripheral lymphoid tissues, where they engage in interactions with foreign antigens.The binding of antigen to membrane Ig molecules, which together with the related Igα and Igβ chains form the antigen receptor complex (BCR) of mature B
Activation of B cells: Pathways of Thymus-Dependent and Independent Read More »
Differences between photosynthesis in Cyanobacteria and Purple sulphur bacteria: SN Features Photosynthesis in Purple sulphur bacteria Photosynthesis in Cyanobacteria 1 Type of light reaction Anoxygenic Oxygenic 2 Electron donor Anoxygenic Oxygenic 3 Photosynthetic pigments Bacteriochlorophyll a and b as photosynthetic pigments in Purplebacteria Chlorophyll a and phycobilins as photosynthetic pigments in Cyanobacteria. 4 site Invaginated
Comparison of photosynthesis in Cyanobacteria and purple sulphur bacteria Read More »
Features EMP HMP ED Substrate Glucose In modified EMP,Halophilic archae like Haloarcula vallismortis can also transport fructose via active transport converting it to Fructose-1,6diphosphate via through fructose-1phosphate by ketohexokinase and 1phosphofructokinase. Hyperthermophilic archae like Pyrococcus furiosus can ferment Laminarin not glucose and can hydrolyse it outside cell into oligosaccharides and transport into cell for glycolysis. Glucose-6-phosphate
Introduction to Photosynthesis: Plants and other living things employ a process called photosynthesis to change light energy into chemical energy that can subsequently be released in energy transformation. In order to create carbohydrates and other organic compounds from CO2 and H2O, photosynthetic organisms absorb solar energy and convert it into ATP and NADPH. Phases of
Introduction to RNA Virus Biosynthesis: Many families of animal viruses have RNA as their genetic material. These RNA genomes can be single stranded (+ sense, – sense, antisense) or double stranded. Each class of genome has a different replication and gene expression strategy, and there is considerable variation within each class. The cytoplasm of infected
Introduction to Viral Replication and Biosynthesis: Replication, in terms of virus, can be defined as the propagation of virus such that the number of virus particles increase in number i.e., viral multiplication. Since viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, all the stages of replication occur in the host cell, inducing a living host cell to synthesize
Biosynthesis in DNA Viruses: Mechanisms of Replication and Protein Expression Read More »
Introduction to Bacterial Binary Fission: The genetic material of bacteria is often divided equally into two daughter cells during a vegetative cell division process called binary fission. Throughout the cell division cycle, the bacterium must first pinpoint the central region where division will take place. This midcell location is then marked and primed for the
