Introduction to the Nervous System: The nervous system is one of the most complex systems in animals, especially human. The central nervous system contains over 100 billion neurons, and it is estimated to be about 1010 -1011 in human. The most intricate system in the human body is the nervous system. It consists of: Fig: […]
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Introduction to Phylum Chordata: General features of chordates: Subphylum Vertebrata: Vertebrata belongs to division Gnathostomata: (gnathos = jaw; stoma =mouth). Vertebrata includes two superclasses: Superclass Pisces (Fishes): Superclass Pisces have two classes Based on the ednoskeleton Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes) Subclass Sarcopterygii Bear muscular lobe in fins Order Dipnoi (Lung fish) Lung breathers Eg: Neoceratodus
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Introduction to the Brain: The brain is an intricate organ that governs all bodily functions, including thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, respiration, temperature, hunger, and every bodily function. The central nervous system, or CNS, is made up of the brain and the spinal cord that branches off of it. The average adult’s brain
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Monomeric and oligomeric enzymes: An enzyme that is composed of just one polypeptide chain is referred to as a monomeric enzyme, such as ribonuclease or trypsin. In contrast, when an enzyme is built from two or more polypeptide chains (subunits), it is described as an oligomeric enzyme; classic examples include lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate transcarbamoylase.
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity: Substrate concentration Fig: Effect of substrate concentration on enzyme velocity Enzyme concentration Fig: Effect of enzyme concentration on enzyme velocity Effect of pH A few exceptions include alkaline phosphatase (10–11), acid phosphatase (4-5), and pepsin (1-2). Effect of temperature • An enzyme reaction’s velocity rises with temperature until it reaches its
Introduction to Enzymes: For an organism to sustain, several enzymatic reactions are essential to occur. The majority of chemical processes move too slowly to support life on their own. They require catalysts to speed up the rate of enzymatic reactions. Enzymes are biocatalysts that greatly accelerate the rates of these chemical reactions, without them undergoing
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Introduction to Phylum Arthropoda: General features of Arthropods include: Symmetry They have bilaterally symmetrical body. Segmentation They have metamerically segmented body with external segmentation only called tagmata. The segmentation begins in embryonic stage and continues up to adult. One segment is dependent on another. Â Level of body organization They have organ system level of body
Introduction to Type III Secretion System (T3SS): The Type 3 Secretion System (T3SS), also known as injectisomes, is a complex structure made up of several subunits. It is present in a significant number of gram-negative bacteria and is composed of about 20 bacterial proteins with copy counts varying from 1 to more than 100. These
Introduction to Pseudomonas aeruginosa: The gram-negative, opportunistic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is now one of the leading causes of infections in hospitals and the population globally. Although it occurs naturally in soil, water, and damp habitats, it can pose a major threat to susceptible hosts. Individuals with compromised immune systems—such as those receiving chemotherapy, people living
Introduction to Phylum Annelida: The term ‘Annelida’ was first coined by Lamarck whereby ‘annulus’ means little rings. They have vermiform, worm-like body. General Characters: Habit and habitat Body symmetry Annelids have bilaterally symmetrical body. Segmentation Level of body organization They have organ-system level of body organization. Germ layers They are triploblastic, consisting of an outer
