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Zika Virus (ZIKV): Introduction, Transmission and Diagnosis
Introduction to Zika Virus and Vector-Borne Diseases: Emergence and re-emergence of Vector Borne Diseases (VBD) have posed a huge threat to public health worldwide. Flaviviruses like Dengue Virus (DENV), Yellow Fever Virus (YFV), and Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) are already circulating globally. Since the vectors, transmission cycle, favorable climate, and epidemiology of Zika virus (ZIKV)…
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Autoimmunity: Introduction, Mechanisms, Examples, and Treatment
Introduction: An inappropriate response of the immune system leading to activation of self-reactive humoral or cell-mediated responses against self-antigens are called autoimmunity. Autoimmune conditions that involve direct damage to cells occur when antibodies or immune cells attach to antigens on the surface of cells. This interaction can lead to cell destruction or provoke inflammation in…
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Cancer Metastasis : Stages, Molecular Mechanisms, EMT in Tumor Spread
Introduction to Cancer Metastasis: Metastasis is the word for the growth of secondary cancers in an area of the body distant from the initial primary cancer. Cancer treatment is challenging because of metastases. If the treatment works in one region, there is a secondary spread in other regions. The two main causes of cancer death…
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Cancer and Signal Transduction: The Role of EGF Pathway in Tumor Growth and Its Regulation
Introduction to Signal Transduction and Cancer: A cell of our body depends upon the signal transduction pathway to carry out different types of cell processes at the right moment in time to basically produce physiological responses to certain types of external stimuli. Now, even though signal transduction is very important to the functionality of our…
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Cell Transformation: Mechanisms, Genetic Mutations, and Cancer Progression
Introduction to Cell Transformation: The process of eukaryotic cells turning to cancerous cells from the normal cells is known as cell transformation. In cancer cell transformation there are few different modifications. In basic, there is a balance between cell growth and cell death. There are several pathways in the body that dictate the cell to…
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Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs): Introduction, Structure, Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs), RTKs dysregulation and cancer
Introduction: Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are plasma membrane receptor glycoprotein in nature with enzymatic activity. They are a group of 90 enzymes capable of selectively phosphorylating amino acid tyrosine residue in various substrates which leads to conformational alteration of that protein and typically activates that protein. They are important mediators of the signaling that mediate cell…