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  • The Complement System: Introduction, Types, Functions

    Introduction: The complement system is a part of immune system to protect the body from foreign particles that can damage the body. Initially, complement was defined as “the activity of blood serum that completes the action of antibody induce a series of inflammatory responses that help to fight infection”. At present, the complement system consists of over…

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  • Genetic Maps:  Introduction, Linkage Maps, Cytogenetic Maps, Physical Maps

    Introduction:  A genetic map is a schematic representation of the various genetic markers in the specific order in which they are located in a chromosome as well as the relative distances between these markers. Genetic mapping is the process of determining the physical position of a genetic component on chromosomes utilizing recombination and genetic markers.…

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  • Biosensors: Introduction, Features, Components, Types, comparison, Applications

    Introduction:  A biosensor is an analytical device, which employs a biological material to specifically interact an analyte; this interaction procedures some detectable physical change that is measured and converted into an electrical signal by a transducer. Finally, the electrical signal is amplified, interpreted, and displayed as analyte concentration in the solution/preparation. An analyte is a…

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  • Single cell proteins (SCPs): Microbial proteins, Introduction, Substrate, Production, Nutrition, Advantages, Disadvantages

    Introduction: Single-cell protein (SCP), often called microbial protein, is a type of crude or refined protein obtained from filamentous fungi, algae, yeasts, molds, microbes, or bacteria. It is edible and can used directly either as animal feed or human food supplements, that usually contain above 40% of crude protein on dry weight bases. Due to…

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  • Construction of a cDNA Library: Introduction, Steps, Applications

    Introduction: cDNA library is a population of bacterial transformation or phage lysates in which each mRNA isolated from an organism or tissues is represented as its cDNA insertion in a plasmid or a phage vector. The frequency of a specific cDNA in such a library would ordinarily depend on the frequency of the concerned mRNA…

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  • Restriction endonucleases (REase): Introduction, Features, Types, Applications

    Introduction: A restriction enzyme is a nuclease enzyme that breaks down DNA sequences at random or specified recognition regions known as restriction sites. In bacteria, restriction enzymes interact with modification enzymes to form a combination system (restriction + modification system) that methylates the bacterial DNA. Methylation of bacterial DNA at the recognition sequence often protects…

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