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Type IV Secretion System: Structure, Mechanism, and the Role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in DNA Transfer
Introduction to Secretion Systems in Microorganisms: Microorganisms use a variety of secretion systems, including the type IV secretion system (T4SS), to move macromolecules like proteins and DNA over the cell membrane. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as certain archaea, have this incredibly adaptable class of secretion systems. It plays a crucial role in…
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Difference between Class I and Class II MHC molecule and the endocytic pathway for antigen processing and presentation
Difference between Class I and Class II MHC molecule: Properties Class I MHC molecule Class II MHC molecule Polypeptide chain It has α chain and β2 microglobulin. It consists of α chain and β chains. Binding site of peptides Cleft of of α1 and α2 chains. Cleft of α1 and β1 chain Coded by Class…
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Energy Conservation in Prokaryotes: Redox Reactions, ATP Synthesis, and Metabolic Adaptations
Introduction- Energy Metabolism in Prokaryotes: Microorganisms can survive whether by adopting chemoorganotropgy, chemolithotrophy or by phototrophy but the final aim of all cells is to conserve some energy released during the energy yielding reactions. Gibbs Free Energy and Cellular Work: All the chemical reactions involved in a cell are coupled with the energy changes, energy…
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Activation of B cells:Â Pathways of Thymus-Dependent and Independent
Stages in the Formation of B Lymphocytes: From bone marrow progenitors, mature antigen-responsive B lymphocytes proliferate and settle in peripheral lymphoid tissues, where they engage in interactions with foreign antigens.The binding of antigen to membrane Ig molecules, which together with the related Igα and Igβ chains form the antigen receptor complex (BCR) of mature B…
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Comparison of photosynthesis in Cyanobacteria and purple sulphur bacteria
Differences between photosynthesis in Cyanobacteria and Purple sulphur bacteria: SN Features Photosynthesis in Purple sulphur bacteria Photosynthesis in Cyanobacteria 1 Type of light reaction Anoxygenic Oxygenic 2 Electron donor Anoxygenic Oxygenic 3 Photosynthetic pigments Bacteriochlorophyll a and b as photosynthetic pigments in Purplebacteria Chlorophyll a and phycobilins as photosynthetic pigments in Cyanobacteria. 4 site Invaginated…
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Comparative Analysis of EMP, HMP, and ED Pathways in Glucose Metabolism: Biochemical Features, Steps, Modifications, and Significance in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Features EMP HMP ED Substrate Glucose In modified EMP,Halophilic archae like Haloarcula vallismortis can also transport fructose via active transport converting it to Fructose-1,6diphosphate via through fructose-1phosphate by ketohexokinase and 1phosphofructokinase. Hyperthermophilic archae like Pyrococcus furiosus can ferment Laminarin not glucose and can hydrolyse it outside cell into oligosaccharides and transport into cell for glycolysis. Glucose-6-phosphate…