Introduction: Cell senescence can be defined as a process occurring in all members of population, after maturity, involving progressive decline in vital capacities of the organism termination in death. Senescence is also considered as death. The science that studies biological caused of growth. At the cellular level senescence can be studied on the basis of […]
Introduction: There are two main forms of cell death: apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptosis is a type of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. It is a normal and important process that occurs during the development and maintenance of tissues, and it helps to keep the number of cells in an organism under control.
Apoptosis- Definition, Types, Stages, cancer, Regulations, Necrosis Read More »
Telomere: Introduction Fig: Structure of telomerase and Shelterin Complex Structure and Composition The Shelterin Complex: Fig: The Role of the Components of Shelterin Complex in Telomeres and Telomerase Regulation Source: Clinical Interventions in Aging 2020:15 What is the Hayflick Limit? Hayflick outlines the three stages that typical cultivated cells go through. Telomerases: Telomerase is an
Introduction to Prions: When a misfolded prion enters a healthy organism, it causes already-existing, correctly folded proteins to transform into the form of a misfolded prion. Therefore, other normal proteins misfold into prion form using prions as a template. Prion disorders, also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, are a class of neurodegenerative illnesses that are
Prion Diseases: Mechanism, Pathogenesis, and Human Disorders (CJD, Kuru, FFI) Read More »
Introduction to Dengue Virus: Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the skin inoculation any of four antigenically different serotypes of the Dengue virus (DENV 1-4), characterized by wide spectrum of illness ranging from asymptomatic to severe forms. As the name ‘breakbone fever’, the patient complains of pain in the back, joint, muscles and the
Dengue Virus: Introduction, Morphology, Genome, Replication Cycle, and Pathogenesis Read More »
Introduction to Shigella: Shigella are the cause of bacillary dystentery exclusively facultative intracellular pathogens in intestine of humans and other primates. Shigella are slender (1-3 × 0.5 µm in size) Gram-negative rods belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. They are non-motile bacterium, non–sporulating and non-capsule formers. The genus Shigella comprises four different species; S. dysenteriae, S.flexneri,
Shigella: Introduction, characteristics, virulence factors, and pathogenesis Read More »
Development of lymphocytes: All adult circulating blood cells, including immature lymphocytes, are produced in the bone marrow. Bone marrow is also the site of maturation of B cells. Cells of the immune system are produced by a group of undifferentiated cells, called hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) in bone marrow. A hematopoietic stem cell may be
Introduction to Cryptosporidiosis: Cryptosporidia are coccidian parasites that have tropism for the microvillous region of the digestive epithelium and epithelium of respiratory organs of vertebrates. In immunocompetent individuals, Cryptosporidium parvum resolves on its own after causing a short-term diarrhea. However, in the immunocompromised patients, cryptosporidiosis can be life threatening. The host is infected by the
Introduction and overview of bacterial invasion: Living inside host cells helps bacterial pathogens to exploit the intracellular niche and nutrient-rich environment. Many pathogenic bacteria employ phagocytosis to enter the host cell. After entering the cells, these bacteria block phagolysosome formation, preventing lysis of the self. This conceals the bacteria from host defense. To infiltrate the
Bacterial invasion into the host: Zipper and Trigger mechanism Read More »
Introduction to Cell Transformation: The process of eukaryotic cells turning to cancerous cells from the normal cells is known as cell transformation. In cancer cell transformation there are few different modifications. In basic, there is a balance between cell growth and cell death. There are several pathways in the body that dictate the cell to
Cell Transformation: Mechanisms, Genetic Mutations, and Cancer Progression Read More »
